Climate is the dominate factor in soil formation, and soils show the distinctive characteristics of the climate zones in which they form.[22] Mineral precipitation and temperature are the primary climate influences on soil formation.
The direct influence of climate include[23]:
1.A shallow accumulation of lime in low rainfall areas as caliche.
2.Formation of acid soils in humid areas.
3.Erosion of soils on steep hillsides.
4.Deposition of eroded materials downstream
5.Very intense chemical weathering, leaching, and erosion in warm and humid regions where soil does not freeze.
Climate directly affects the rate of weathering and leaching. Soil is said to be formed when detectable layers of clays, organic colloids, carbonates, or soluble salts have been moved downward. Wind moves sand and smaller particles, especially in arid regions where there is little plant cover. The type and amount of precipitation influence soil formation by affecting the movement of ions and particles through the soil, and aid in the development of different soil profiles. Soil profiles are more distinct in wet and cool climates, where organic materials may accumulate, than those in wet, warm climates where organic materials are rapidly consumed. The effectiveness of water in weathering parent rock material depends on seasonal and daily temperature fluctuations. Cycles of freezing and thawing constitute an effective mechanism that breaks up rocks and other consolidated materials.
Climate indirectly influences soil formation by the effect of vegetation cover, biological activity, hence the rates of chemical reactions in the soil.
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